Nursing practice questions with comprehensive rationales
NurseDive Free Nursing Practice Question
A nurse in the emergency department is caring for a client who is experiencing chest pain. Physical Examination
0900:
Client admitted with a report of chest pain radiating to the left arm, sweating, shortness of breath, and epigastric discomfort
Client awake, alert, and oriented x3.
Lung sounds clear bilaterally, S1S2 heart sounds noted.
All pulses palpable.
Skin cool and diaphoretic to touch.
Rates pain as 6 on a 0 to 10 pain scale.
tachycardia with ST elevation. Provider notified.
Medication Administration Record:
Sildenafil 50 mg PO once daily
Simvastatin 40 mg PO once daily
Metoprolol 100 mg PO once daily
Multivitamin once daily
The nurse is reviewing the client's assessment data to prepare the plan of care. What is the potential condition for this client? Select one (1) answer.
A. Ischemic Stroke
Option A (Ischemic Stroke) is not the correct answer because the symptoms described in the client's presentation are primarily related to the cardiovascular system and not indicative of an ischemic stroke.
B. Chronic Stable Angina
Option B (Chronic Stable Angina) is not the correct answer because chronic stable angina typically presents with chest pain on exertion or stress, and it usually subsides with rest or nitroglycerin. The client's symptoms of chest pain at rest, along with other findings, are more concerning for an acute cardiac event like a myocardial infarction.
C. Myocardial Infarction
The client's presentation of chest pain radiating to the left arm, sweating, shortness of breath, epigastric discomfort, cool and diaphoretic skin, tachycardia, and ST elevation on the electrocardiogram (ECG) are indicative of a myocardial infarction (heart attack). These symptoms and findings are typical of acute coronary syndrome, specifically a ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).
D. Cardiogenic Shock
Option D (Cardiogenic Shock) is a severe complication that can occur following a myocardial infarction, but the information provided in the scenario does not suggest that the client is in cardiogenic shock at this time. The client's blood pressure is not mentioned in the scenario, which is a crucial parameter to assess for cardiogenic shock.
This question is an excerpt from Nurse Dive's nursing test bank - NUR390 Med Surg 390 Proctored Exam. Take the full exam now
Full Explanation
The client's presentation of chest pain radiating to the left arm, sweating, shortness of breath, epigastric discomfort, cool and diaphoretic skin, tachycardia, and ST elevation on the electrocardiogram (ECG) are indicative of myocardial infarction (heart attack). These symptoms and findings are typical of acute coronary syndrome, specifically an ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).
Option A (Ischemic Stroke) is not the correct answer because the symptoms described in the client's presentation are primarily related to the cardiovascular system and not indicative of an ischemic stroke.
Option B (Chronic Stable Angina) is not the correct answer because chronic stable angina typically presents with chest pain on exertion or stress, and it usually subsides with rest or nitroglycerin. The client's symptoms of chest pain at rest, along with other findings, are more concerning for an acute cardiac event like a myocardial infarction.
Option D (Cardiogenic Shock) is a severe complication that can occur following a myocardial infarction, but the information provided in the scenario does not suggest that the client is in cardiogenic shock at this time. The client's blood pressure is not mentioned in the scenario, which is a crucial parameter to assess for cardiogenic shock.
Similar Questions
The assessment findings of a patient with myocardial infarction (MI) include jugular venous distention, weight gain, peripheral edema, and a heart rate of 108/minute. The nurse suspects what complication?
A. Left-sided HF
Option A (Left-sided HF) may also present with similar symptoms like jugular venous distention, weight gain, and peripheral edema. However, in left-sided HF, there would typically be signs of pulmonary congestion, such as crackles in the lungs and shortness of breath.
B. Right-sided HF
The assessment findings of jugular venous distention, weight gain, peripheral edema, and a heart rate of 108/minute are consistent with right-sided heart failure (HF). Right-sided HF occurs when the right ventricle of the heart is unable to pump effectively, leading to congestion in the venous circulation. This can result in jugular venous distention (JVD) due to increased pressure in the jugular veins, peripheral edema due to fluid retention, and weight gain due to fluid accumulation.
C. Chronic heart failure (HF)
Option C (Chronic heart failure) is a general term used for heart failure that has been present for an extended period, and it does not specify whether it is left-sided or right-sided heart failure.
D. Acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF)
Option D (Acute decompensated heart failure - ADHF) is a form of heart failure that presents with severe symptoms and requires urgent treatment. It is more of a clinical classification rather than a specific complication related to the symptoms mentioned in the scenario.
Full Explanation
The assessment findings of jugular venous distention, weight gain, peripheral edema, and a heart rate of 108/minute are consistent with right-sided heart failure (HF). Right-sided HF occurs when the right ventricle of the heart is unable to pump effectively, leading to congestion in the venous circulation. This can result in jugular venous distention (JVD) due to increased pressure in the jugular veins, peripheral edema due to fluid retention, and weight gain due to fluid accumulation.
Option A (Left-sided HF) may also present with similar symptoms like jugular venous distention, weight gain, and peripheral edema. However, in left-sided HF, there would typically be signs of pulmonary congestion, such as crackles in the lungs and shortness of breath.
Option C (Chronic heart failure) is a general term used for heart failure that has been present for an extended period, and it does not specify whether it is left-sided or right-sided heart failure.
Option D (Acute decompensated heart failure - ADHF) is a form of heart failure that presents with severe symptoms and requires urgent treatment. It is more of a clinical classification rather than a specific complication related to the symptoms mentioned in the scenario.
A nurse is reviewing the arterial blood gas values of a client who has chronic kidney disease. Which of the following sets of values should the nurse expect?
A. pH 7.25, HCO3- 19mEq / L PaCO2 30 mm Hg
In a client with chronic kidney disease (CKD), metabolic acidosis is a common acid-base disorder due to impaired excretion of acid and decreased bicarbonate reabsorption in the kidneys. The arterial blood gas values associated with metabolic acidosis in CKD are a low pH (acidemia), low bicarbonate (HCO3-), and normal or low partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2). Option A fits this pattern, with a pH of 7.25 (acidic), HCO3- of 19 mEq/L (low), and a PaCO2 of 30 mm Hg (within the normal to low range).
B. pH 7.30, HCO3-26 26mEq / L PaCO2 50 mm Hg
Option B shows a pH of 7.30 (acidic) but with a higher bicarbonate level of 26 mEq/L, which is not consistent with metabolic acidosis. The elevated bicarbonate level suggests metabolic alkalosis, which is not expected in a client with CKD.
C. pH 7.50 0. HCO * 3 - 20mE /L, PaCO2 32 mm Hg
Option C has a pH of 7.50 (alkaline) with an elevated bicarbonate level of 20 mEq/L and a low PaCO2 of 32 mm Hg. This set of values is indicative of metabolic alkalosis, which is not expected in a client with CKD.
D. pH 7.55, HCO3- 30mEq / L PaCO2 31 mm Hg
Option D has a pH of 7.55 (alkaline) with an elevated bicarbonate level of 30 mEq/L and a low PaCO2 of 31 mm Hg.
Full Explanation
In a client with chronic kidney disease (CKD), metabolic acidosis is a common acid-base disorder due to impaired excretion of acid and decreased bicarbonate reabsorption in the kidneys. The arterial blood gas values associated with metabolic acidosis in CKD are a low pH (acidemia), low bicarbonate (HCO3-), and normal or low partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2). Option A fits this pattern, with a pH of 7.25 (acidic), HCO3- of 19 mEq/L (low), and a PaCO2 of 30 mm Hg (within the normal to low range).
Option B shows a pH of 7.30 (acidic) but with a higher bicarbonate level of 26 mEq/L, which is not consistent with metabolic acidosis. The elevated bicarbonate level suggests metabolic alkalosis, which is not expected in a client with CKD.
Option C has a pH of 7.50 (alkaline) with an elevated bicarbonate level of 20 mEq/L and a low PaCO2 of 32 mm Hg. This set of values is indicative of metabolic alkalosis, which is not expected in a client with CKD.
Option D has a pH of 7.55 (alkaline) with an elevated bicarbonate level of 30 mEq/L and a low PaCO2 of 31 mm Hg. This set of values is indicative of metabolic alkalosis, which is not expected in a client with CKD.
Which assessment finding of a patient with chronic kidney disease indicates to the nurse that hemodialysis is having the desired effect?
A. Decreased hematocrit and diuresis
B. Decreased serum creatinine and weight loss
Hemodialysis is a treatment used to remove waste products and excess fluids from the blood in individuals with kidney failure or chronic kidney disease. The primary purpose of hemodialysis is to filter and clear the blood of waste products that the kidneys can no longer remove adequately. As a result, one of the key indicators that hemodialysis is having the desired effect is a decrease in serum creatinine levels. Creatinine is a waste product that builds up in the blood when the kidneys are not functioning properly. A decrease in serum creatinine indicates that the dialysis treatment is effectively removing waste products from the blood.
C. Increased potassium level and improved appetite
D. Decreased white blood cell count and diaphoresis
Full Explanation
Hemodialysis is a treatment used to remove waste products and excess fluids from the blood in individuals with kidney failure or chronic kidney disease. The primary purpose of hemodialysis is to filter and clear the blood of waste products that the kidneys can no longer remove adequately. As a result, one of the key indicators that hemodialysis is having the desired effect is a decrease in serum creatinine levels. Creatinine is a waste product that builds up in the blood when the kidneys are not functioning properly. A decrease in serum creatinine indicates that the dialysis treatment is effectively removing waste products from the blood.
Weight loss is also a positive sign after hemodialysis since it indicates that excess fluid is being removed from the body. In individuals with kidney failure, the kidneys cannot adequately remove extra fluid, leading to fluid retention and weight gain. Hemodialysis helps to eliminate this excess fluid, leading to weight loss and reducing the risk of fluid overload-related complications.
The other options listed (decreased hematocrit and diuresis, increased potassium level and improved appetite, and decreased white blood cell count and diaphoresis) are not direct indicators of the effectiveness of hemodialysis in removing waste products and excess fluid from the blood.