Nursing practice questions with comprehensive rationales
NurseDive Free Nursing Practice Question
A. The bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein: The major chemical buffer systems in the body are the bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein buffer systems.
A. Glucose is not a buffering system; it is a primary energy source.
Tubuloglomerular feedback involves the macula densa sensing changes in sodium chloride concentration and adjusting the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) via the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
B. Magnesium is a mineral with various physiological roles but not a major chemical buffer system.
Renal autoregulation includes mechanisms like the myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback that maintain stable GFR despite blood pressure changes. This option is too broad and not specific to the mechanism described.
C. Creatinine is a waste product of muscle metabolism, not a buffer system.
The myogenic mechanism refers to the smooth muscle's tendency to contract when stretched, helping to stabilize GFR by adjusting the diameter of the afferent arterioles. This is the correct answer.
This question is an excerpt from Nurse Dive's nursing test bank - Anatomy and physiology proctored exam ( hellen fluid college). Take the full exam now
Full Explanation
A. Tubuloglomerular feedback involves the macula densa sensing changes in sodium chloride concentration and adjusting the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) via the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
B. Renal autoregulation includes mechanisms like the myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback that maintain stable GFR despite blood pressure changes. This option is too broad and not specific to the mechanism described.
C. The myogenic mechanism refers to the smooth muscle's tendency to contract when stretched, helping to stabilize GFR by adjusting the diameter of the afferent arterioles. This is the correct answer.
D. Sympathetic control influences renal blood flow and GFR through hormonal and nervous system regulation, but it is not the specific mechanism described in the question.
Similar Questions
The _____________ regulates the flow of contents from the stomach to the duodenum.
A. fundus
Fundus is the upper part of the stomach, which does not regulate the flow of contents to the duodenum.
B. gastric rugae
Gastric rugae are folds in the stomach lining that allow for expansion but do not regulate the flow of contents to the duodenum.
C. pyloric sphincter
Pyloric sphincter controls the flow of partially digested food (chyme) from the stomach into the duodenum.
D. antrum
Antrum is the lower portion of the stomach that helps in mixing and grinding food but does not directly regulate its flow to the duodenum.
Full Explanation
A. Fundus is the upper part of the stomach, which does not regulate the flow of contents to the duodenum.
B. Gastric rugae are folds in the stomach lining that allow for expansion but do not regulate the flow of contents to the duodenum.
C. Pyloric sphincter controls the flow of partially digested food (chyme) from the stomach into the duodenum.
D. Antrum is the lower portion of the stomach that helps in mixing and grinding food but does not directly regulate its flow to the duodenum.
Which renal structure is responsible for producing hypertonic urine by reabsorbing water while allowing metabolic wastes and NaCl to pass through?
A. Glomerulus
Glomerulus is involved in filtering blood but not in producing hypertonic urine.
B. Collecting duct
Collecting duct reabsorbs water and concentrates urine, making it hypertonic.
C. Nephron loop (loop of Henle)
Nephron loop (loop of Henle) creates a concentration gradient in the medulla that helps in water reabsorption but is not the primary site for final urine concentration. This option is partially correct but less specific than the collecting duct.
D. Proximal convoluted tubule
Proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs a significant portion of water and solutes but does not produce hypertonic urine.
Full Explanation
A. Glomerulus is involved in filtering blood but not in producing hypertonic urine.
B. Collecting duct reabsorbs water and concentrates urine, making it hypertonic.
C. Nephron loop (loop of Henle) creates a concentration gradient in the medulla that helps in water reabsorption but is not the primary site for final urine concentration. This option is partially correct but less specific than the collecting duct.
D. Proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs a significant portion of water and solutes but does not produce hypertonic urine.
Which of the following are macronutrients?
A. Sodium, potassium, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
Sodium, potassium, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins: Sodium and potassium are micronutrients, not macronutrients.
B. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and water
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and water: Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are macronutrients, but water is not classified as a macronutrient. This option is partially correct but includes water, which is not a macronutrient.
C. Nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
Nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins: Nucleic acids are not classified as macronutrients; carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are.
D. Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, but not water
Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, but not water: Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are macronutrients, and excluding water is correct since water is not a macronutrient.
Full Explanation
A. Sodium, potassium, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins: Sodium and potassium are micronutrients, not macronutrients.
B. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and water: Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are macronutrients, but water is not classified as a macronutrient. This option is partially correct but includes water, which is not a macronutrient.
C. Nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins: Nucleic acids are not classified as macronutrients; carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are.
D. Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, but not water: Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are macronutrients, and excluding water is correct since water is not a macronutrient.