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NurseDive Free Nursing Practice Question
During ________ viral synthesis is suspended.
A. budding
budding: During budding, new viral particles exit the host cell gradually without destroying it, but viral synthesis continues during this stage to produce components for new virions.
B. latency
latency: In latency, the virus remains dormant within the host cell with little or no viral synthesis occurring. The genome persists in the host without active replication until reactivated.
C. lytic replication
lytic replication: In the lytic cycle, viral synthesis is highly active, producing viral proteins and genomes that ultimately cause cell lysis and release of new virions.
D. persistent infection
persistent infection: A persistent infection involves continuous viral replication at low levels, so viral synthesis is ongoing, not suspended.
E. oncogenesis
Oncogenesis refers to virus-induced cellular transformation leading to uncontrolled cell growth, but viral synthesis may still continue depending on the virus type.
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Full Explanation
A. budding: During budding, new viral particles exit the host cell gradually without destroying it, but viral synthesis continues during this stage to produce components for new virions.
B. latency: In latency, the virus remains dormant within the host cell with little or no viral synthesis occurring. The genome persists in the host without active replication until reactivated.
C. lytic replication: In the lytic cycle, viral synthesis is highly active, producing viral proteins and genomes that ultimately cause cell lysis and release of new virions.
D. persistent infection: A persistent infection involves continuous viral replication at low levels, so viral synthesis is ongoing, not suspended.
E. oncogenesis: Oncogenesis refers to virus-induced cellular transformation leading to uncontrolled cell growth, but viral synthesis may still continue depending on the virus type.
Similar Questions
Cytopathic effects are cellular changes that are caused by
A. viral infections
viral infections: Cytopathic effects (CPEs) are structural and functional changes in host cells resulting from viral infections. Examples include cell rounding, syncytia formation, inclusion bodies, and cell lysis, all due to viral replication and interference with normal cellular processes.
B. protozoal infections
protozoal infections: Protozoa can damage host tissues through invasion and toxin production, but they do not typically cause cytopathic effects as defined in virology.
C. fungal infections
fungal infections: Fungi may cause tissue destruction through enzymes and inflammation, yet they do not lead to the characteristic cytopathic effects seen with viral infections.
D. bacterial infections
bacterial infections: Bacteria can produce toxins and cause tissue damage, but cytopathic effects specifically refer to viral-induced cellular alterations, not bacterial activity.
Full Explanation
A. viral infections: Cytopathic effects (CPEs) are structural and functional changes in host cells resulting from viral infections. Examples include cell rounding, syncytia formation, inclusion bodies, and cell lysis, all due to viral replication and interference with normal cellular processes.
B. protozoal infections: Protozoa can damage host tissues through invasion and toxin production, but they do not typically cause cytopathic effects as defined in virology.
C. fungal infections: Fungi may cause tissue destruction through enzymes and inflammation, yet they do not lead to the characteristic cytopathic effects seen with viral infections.
D. bacterial infections: Bacteria can produce toxins and cause tissue damage, but cytopathic effects specifically refer to viral-induced cellular alterations, not bacterial activity.
Which of the following is an accurate description of a virion?
A. the nucleic acid of a viral pathogen
the nucleic acid of a viral pathogen: Viral nucleic acid is a component of a virus, but by itself it does not constitute a virion. A complete virion must include both nucleic acid and a protective protein coat.
B. a mature infectious particle of protein and nucleic acid
a mature infectious particle of protein and nucleic acid: A virion is the fully assembled, extracellular, and infectious form of a virus. It consists of viral nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) encased in a protein capsid, and in some cases, an envelope derived from the host cell.
C. a population of infectious particles
a population of infectious particles: This describes multiple virions, but the term virion specifically refers to a single, complete viral particle.
D. the protein portion of a viral particle
the protein portion of a viral particle: The protein portion alone is called the capsid, not a virion. The capsid is necessary for protection and attachment but does not represent the full infectious particle.
E. the nucleic acid of a viral pathogen inside a host cell
Once inside the host cell, the virus exists as genetic material engaging in replication, but this is not considered a virion since it is no longer in its extracellular, infectious state.
Full Explanation
A. the nucleic acid of a viral pathogen: Viral nucleic acid is a component of a virus, but by itself it does not constitute a virion. A complete virion must include both nucleic acid and a protective protein coat.
B. a mature infectious particle of protein and nucleic acid: A virion is the fully assembled, extracellular, and infectious form of a virus. It consists of viral nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) encased in a protein capsid, and in some cases, an envelope derived from the host cell.
C. a population of infectious particles: This describes multiple virions, but the term virion specifically refers to a single, complete viral particle.
D. the protein portion of a viral particle: The protein portion alone is called the capsid, not a virion. The capsid is necessary for protection and attachment but does not represent the full infectious particle.
E. the nucleic acid of a viral pathogen inside a host cell: Once inside the host cell, the virus exists as genetic material engaging in replication, but this is not considered a virion since it is no longer in its extracellular, infectious state.
Viruses are classified by all of the following characteristics, except
A. shape
shape: Viruses are classified by their capsid shape, which may be helical, icosahedral, or complex. This structural feature is a key criterion in viral taxonomy.
B. type of nucleic acid
type of nucleic acid: Viral classification depends on whether the genome is DNA or RNA, single-stranded or double-stranded, and positive- or negative-sense.
C. size
size: The physical size of viruses, ranging from about 20 nm to 300 nm, is one of the factors used in classification.
D. ribosome size
ribosome size: Viruses do not contain ribosomes, as they rely on the host cell’s protein synthesis machinery. Therefore, ribosome size is not a characteristic used in viral classification.
Full Explanation
A. shape: Viruses are classified by their capsid shape, which may be helical, icosahedral, or complex. This structural feature is a key criterion in viral taxonomy.
B. type of nucleic acid: Viral classification depends on whether the genome is DNA or RNA, single-stranded or double-stranded, and positive- or negative-sense.
C. size: The physical size of viruses, ranging from about 20 nm to 300 nm, is one of the factors used in classification.
D. ribosome size: Viruses do not contain ribosomes, as they rely on the host cell’s protein synthesis machinery. Therefore, ribosome size is not a characteristic used in viral classification.