Nursing practice questions with comprehensive rationales
NurseDive Free Nursing Practice Question
Loss of muscle mass from lack of activity is termed:
A. Myopathy
Myopathy refers to any disease of the muscle tissue, often involving weakness or dysfunction, but not specifically due to inactivity.
B. Dystrophy
Dystrophy refers to genetic disorders that cause progressive muscle degeneration, such as muscular dystrophy. It is not caused by inactivity.
C. Apathy
Apathy is a psychological term referring to lack of interest or emotion. It has no relevance to muscle physiology.
D. Atrophy
Atrophy is the correct answer. It refers to the wasting away or reduction in size of muscle tissue due to disuse, immobilization, or lack of neural stimulation. It is a common consequence of inactivity or prolonged bed rest.
E. Treppe
Treppe, or the staircase effect, describes the gradual increase in muscle contraction strength with repeated stimulation. It is unrelated to muscle loss.
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Full Explanation
Choice A reason: Myopathy refers to any disease of the muscle tissue, often involving weakness or dysfunction, but not specifically due to inactivity.
Choice B reason: Dystrophy refers to genetic disorders that cause progressive muscle degeneration, such as muscular dystrophy. It is not caused by inactivity.
Choice C reason: Apathy is a psychological term referring to lack of interest or emotion. It has no relevance to muscle physiology.
Choice D reason: Atrophy is the correct answer. It refers to the wasting away or reduction in size of muscle tissue due to disuse, immobilization, or lack of neural stimulation. It is a common consequence of inactivity or prolonged bed rest.
Choice E reason: Treppe, or the staircase effect, describes the gradual increase in muscle contraction strength with repeated stimulation. It is unrelated to muscle loss.
Similar Questions
Which of the following bone tissues is adapted to support weight and withstand twisting stresses?
A. Irregular bone
Irregular bones have complex shapes and serve various functions, such as protection and muscle attachment, but they are not specialized for weight-bearing or resistance to twisting.
B. Trabecular bone
Trabecular bone, also known as spongy bone, is lightweight and porous. It helps absorb shock and supports bone marrow but is not optimized for resisting twisting stresses.
C. Interstitial bone
Interstitial bone refers to remnants of old osteons found between newer ones in compact bone. It is not a distinct tissue type adapted for mechanical stress.
D. Compact bone
Compact bone is the correct answer. It is dense and organized into osteons, which provide strength and resistance to compressive and torsional forces. It forms the outer layer of bones and is especially prominent in the diaphysis of long bones.
E. Spongy bone
Spongy bone is adapted for shock absorption and lightness but lacks the dense structure needed to resist twisting and heavy loads.
Full Explanation
Choice A reason: Irregular bones have complex shapes and serve various functions, such as protection and muscle attachment, but they are not specialized for weight-bearing or resistance to twisting.
Choice B reason: Trabecular bone, also known as spongy bone, is lightweight and porous. It helps absorb shock and supports bone marrow but is not optimized for resisting twisting stresses.
Choice C reason: Interstitial bone refers to remnants of old osteons found between newer ones in compact bone. It is not a distinct tissue type adapted for mechanical stress.
Choice D reason: Compact bone is the correct answer. It is dense and organized into osteons, which provide strength and resistance to compressive and torsional forces. It forms the outer layer of bones and is especially prominent in the diaphysis of long bones.
Choice E reason: Spongy bone is adapted for shock absorption and lightness but lacks the dense structure needed to resist twisting and heavy loads.
The most common deformity of the spine is an abnormal lateral curvature called:
A. Scoliosis
Scoliosis is the correct answer. It is characterized by a lateral curvature of the spine, often diagnosed in adolescence. It can range from mild to severe and may require bracing or surgery depending on progression.
B. Lordosis
Lordosis refers to an exaggerated inward curvature of the lumbar spine. It is a spinal deformity but not the most common.
C. Kyphosis
Kyphosis is an exaggerated outward curvature of the thoracic spine, leading to a hunched posture. It is less common than scoliosis.
D. Osteosis
Osteosis is not a recognized spinal deformity. It may be a misused or fictional term.
E. Slipped disc
A slipped disc, or herniated disc, involves displacement of intervertebral disc material. It causes pain and nerve compression but is not classified as a spinal deformity.
Full Explanation
Choice A reason: Scoliosis is the correct answer. It is characterized by a lateral curvature of the spine, often diagnosed in adolescence. It can range from mild to severe and may require bracing or surgery depending on progression.
Choice B reason: Lordosis refers to an exaggerated inward curvature of the lumbar spine. It is a spinal deformity but not the most common.
Choice C reason: Kyphosis is an exaggerated outward curvature of the thoracic spine, leading to a hunched posture. It is less common than scoliosis.
Choice D reason: Osteosis is not a recognized spinal deformity. It may be a misused or fictional term.
Choice E reason: A slipped disc, or herniated disc, involves displacement of intervertebral disc material. It causes pain and nerve compression but is not classified as a spinal deformity.
The cross-bridge cycling involves:
A. Myosin heads pulling actin toward the middle
Myosin heads pulling actin toward the center of the sarcomere is the fundamental mechanism of cross-bridge cycling. This process shortens the sarcomere and generates muscle contraction through repeated attachment, power stroke, and detachment cycles driven by ATP.
B. The carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
The carpometacarpal joint of the thumb is a specific anatomical joint that allows opposition movement. It is unrelated to the molecular process of muscle contraction.
C. Actin and myosin lengthening to slide past each other
Actin and myosin do not lengthen during contraction. They maintain their structure while sliding past each other through cross-bridge interactions.
D. Z discs sliding over the myofilaments
Z discs define the boundaries of a sarcomere and move closer together during contraction, but they do not slide over myofilaments. Their movement results from filament sliding.
E. Titin shortening the myosin filament
Titin is a structural protein that contributes to sarcomere stability and elasticity. It does not actively shorten or participate in the cross-bridge cycle.
Full Explanation
The correct answer is: A)
Choice A reason: Myosin heads pulling actin toward the center of the sarcomere is the fundamental mechanism of cross-bridge cycling. This process shortens the sarcomere and generates muscle contraction through repeated attachment, power stroke, and detachment cycles driven by ATP.
Choice B reason: The carpometacarpal joint of the thumb is a specific anatomical joint that allows opposition movement. It is unrelated to the molecular process of muscle contraction.
Choice C reason: Actin and myosin do not lengthen during contraction. They maintain their structure while sliding past each other through cross-bridge interactions.
Choice D reason: Z discs define the boundaries of a sarcomere and move closer together during contraction, but they do not slide over myofilaments. Their movement results from filament sliding.
Choice E reason: Titin is a structural protein that contributes to sarcomere stability and elasticity. It does not actively shorten or participate in the cross-bridge cycle.