Nursing practice questions with comprehensive rationales
NurseDive Free Nursing Practice Question
Which drugs act on the sympathetic nervous system, which regulates blood pressure by controlling heart rate, cardiac output, vascular tone, and renin release?
A. Beta blockers
Beta blockers are drugs that inhibit the sympathetic nervous system by blocking the beta adrenergic receptors, which are responsible for increasing heart rate and contractility. Beta blockers can lower blood pressure and reduce cardiac workload.
B. Calcium channel blockers
Calcium channel blockers are drugs that inhibit the movement of calcium ions across the cell membrane of smooth muscle cells, which are found in blood vessels and the heart.Calcium channel blockers can relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure, as well as reduce heart rate and contractility.
C. Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)
Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) are drugs that block the action of angiotensin II, a hormone that causes vasoconstriction and stimulates the release of aldosterone, which increases sodium and water retention.
D. Direct acting vasodilators
E. Adrenergic drugs.
These are drugs that stimulate the sympathetic nervous system by mimicking or enhancing the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine, the chemical messengers that activate adrenergic receptors.Adrenergic drugs can increase blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, vascular tone, and renin release by acting on different types of adrenergic receptors.
This question is an excerpt from Nurse Dive's nursing test bank - More questions. Take the full exam now
Full Explanation
Adrenergic drugs. These are drugs that stimulate the sympathetic nervous system by mimicking or enhancing the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine, the chemical messengers that activate adrenergic receptors. Adrenergic drugs can increase blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, vascular tone, and renin release by acting on different types of adrenergic receptors.
Choice A is wrong because beta blockers are drugs that inhibit the sympathetic nervous system by blocking the beta adrenergic receptors, which are responsible for increasing heart rate and contractility. Beta blockers can lower blood pressure and reduce cardiac workload.
Choice B is wrong because calcium channel blockers are drugs that inhibit the movement of calcium ions across the cell membrane of smooth muscle cells, which are found in blood vessels and the heart. Calcium channel blockers can relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure, as well as reduce heart rate and contractility.
Choice C is wrong because angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) are drugs that block the action of angiotensin II, a hormone that causes vasoconstriction and stimulates the release of aldosterone, which increases sodium and water retention.
ARBs can lower blood pressure by dilating blood
Similar Questions
A patient with atrial fibrillation has been prescribed digoxin (Lanoxin). The nurse should monitor which laboratory value to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness?
A. Serum potassium level
Digoxin (Lanoxin) is a cardiac glycoside that is used to treat atrial fibrillation and heart failure. It works by increasing the force of cardiac contraction and slowing down the heart rate. However, digoxin can also cause toxicity, which can lead to life-threatening arrhythmias. One of the risk factors for digoxin toxicity is hypokalemia, or low serum potassium level. Potassium is an electrolyte that is essential for normal cardiac function and conduction.When the serum potassium level is low, digoxin binds more strongly to the cardiac cells and increases its effects, which can result in bradycardia, heart block, or ventricular tachycardia. Therefore, the nurse should monitor the serum potassium level to evaluate the therapeutic effectiveness and safety of digoxin therapy.
B. Serum sodium level
Serum sodium level is wrong because sodium is not directly related to digoxin action or toxicity. Sodium is another electrolyte that is important for fluid balance and blood pressure regulation.However, sodium does not affect the binding of digoxin to the cardiac cells or its effects on the heart rate and contractility. Therefore, the nurse does not need to monitor the serum sodium level to evaluate digoxin therapy.
C. Serum magnesium level
Serum magnesium level is wrong because magnesium is not directly related to digoxin action or toxicity. Magnesium is another electrolyte that is involved in many enzymatic reactions and neuromuscular function.However, magnesium does not affect the binding of digoxin to the cardiac cells or its effects on the heart rate and contractility. Therefore, the nurse does not need to monitor the serum magnesium level to evaluate digoxin therapy.
D. Serum calcium level.
Serum calcium level is wrong because calcium is not directly related to digoxin action or toxicity. Calcium is another electrolyte that is essential for bone health and muscle contraction.However, calcium does not affect the binding of digoxin to the cardiac cells or its effects on the heart rate and contractility. Therefore, the nurse does not need to monitor the serum calcium level to evaluate digoxin therapy.
Full Explanation
Digoxin (Lanoxin) is a cardiac glycoside that is used to treat atrial fibrillation and heart failure.
It works by increasing the force of cardiac contraction and slowing down the heart rate.
However, digoxin can also cause toxicity, which can lead to life-threatening arrhythmias.
One of the risk factors for digoxin toxicity is hypokalemia, or low serum potassium level.
Potassium is an electrolyte that is essential for normal cardiac function and conduction. When the serum potassium level is low, digoxin binds more strongly to the cardiac cells and increases its effects, which can result in bradycardia, heart block, or ventricular tachycardia.
Therefore, the nurse should monitor the serum potassium level to evaluate the therapeutic effectiveness and safety of digoxin therapy.
Choice B) Serum sodium level is wrong because sodium is not directly related to digoxin action or toxicity.
Sodium is another electrolyte that is important for fluid balance and blood pressure regulation. However, sodium does not affect the binding of digoxin to the cardiac cells or its effects on the heart rate and contractility.
Therefore, the nurse does not need to monitor the serum sodium level to evaluate digoxin therapy.
Choice C) Serum magnesium level is wrong because magnesium is not directly related to digoxin action or toxicity.
Magnesium is another electrolyte that is involved in many enzymatic reactions and neuromuscular function. However, magnesium does not affect the binding of digoxin to the cardiac cells or its effects on the heart rate and contractility.
Therefore, the nurse does not need to monitor the serum magnesium level to evaluate digoxin therapy.
Choice D) Serum calcium level is wrong because calcium is not directly related to digoxin action or toxicity.
Calcium is another electrolyte that is essential for bone health and muscle contraction. However, calcium does not affect the binding of digoxin to the cardiac cells or its effects on the heart rate and contractility.
Therefore, the nurse does not need to monitor the serum calcium level to evaluate digoxin therapy.
The normal range for serum potassium level is 3.5-5.0 mEq
The nurse is caring for a patient with atrial fibrillation who has been prescribed warfarin (Coumadin). The patient’s INR level is 3.5, which is above therapeutic range. What action should the nurse take?
A. Administer vitamin K as ordered by physician
Administer vitamin K as ordered by physician is wrong because vitamin K is not indicated unless the physician orders it based on the patient’s condition and INR level. Vitamin K is an antidote for warfarin overdose and can reverse its anticoagulant effects. However, administering vitamin K without a physician’s order may cause the INR to drop below the therapeutic range and increase the risk of clotting.
B. Administer heparin as ordered by physician
Administer heparin as ordered by physician is wrong because heparin is another anticoagulant that works by activating antithrombin, a natural inhibitor of clotting factors. Heparin is used for acute treatment of thromboembolic disorders, such as deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. It is not indicated for atrial fibrillation unless there is evidence of acute thrombosis. Administering heparin to a patient with an elevated INR would increase the risk of bleeding.
C. Administer warfarin as ordered by physician
Administer warfarin as ordered by physician is wrong because warfarin is the cause of the elevated INR and should be withheld until the INR returns to the therapeutic range. Continuing to administer warfarin would further increase the INR and the risk of bleeding.
D. Hold warfarin and notify physician.
Warfarin is an anticoagulant that prevents blood clots from forming or growing larger. It works by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors in the liver. The INR (international normalized ratio) is a measure of how long it takes the blood to clot.The therapeutic range for INR depends on the indication for warfarin therapy, but for atrial fibrillation, it is usually between 2 and 3. An INR level of 3.5 is above the therapeutic range, which means the blood is too thin and the patient is at risk of bleeding. The nurse should hold the warfarin dose and notify the physician, who may order vitamin K to reverse the effects of warfarin.
Full Explanation
Warfarin is an anticoagulant that prevents blood clots from forming or growing larger. It works by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors in the liver. The INR (international normalized ratio) is a measure of how long it takes the blood to clot. The therapeutic range for INR depends on the indication for warfarin therapy, but for atrial fibrillation, it is usually between 2 and 3. An INR level of 3.5 is above the therapeutic range, which means the blood is too thin and the patient is at risk of bleeding. The nurse should hold the warfarin dose and notify the physician, who may order vitamin K to reverse the effects of warfarin.
Choice A) Administer vitamin K as ordered by physician is wrong because vitamin K is not indicated unless the physician orders it based on the patient’s condition and INR level.
Vitamin K is an antidote for warfarin overdose and can reverse its anticoagulant effects.
However, administering vitamin K without a physician’s order may cause the INR to drop below the therapeutic range and increase the risk of clotting.
Choice B) Administer heparin as ordered by physician is wrong because heparin is another anticoagulant that works by activating antithrombin, a natural inhibitor of clotting factors.
Heparin is used for acute treatment of thromboembolic disorders, such as deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism.
It is not indicated for atrial fibrillation unless there is evidence of acute thrombosis.
Administering heparin to a patient with an elevated INR would increase the risk of bleeding.
Choice C) Administer warfarin as ordered by physician is wrong because warfarin is the cause of the elevated INR and should be withheld until the INR returns to the therapeutic range.
Continuing to administer warfarin would further increase the INR and the risk of bleeding.
The nurse is caring for a patient with atrial fibrillation who has been prescribed diltiazem (Cardizem). The patient reports feeling dizzy and lightheaded when standing up quickly from a sitting position or when getting out of bed in the morning. What action should the nurse take?
A. Administer diltiazem as ordered by physician
Administer diltiazem as ordered by physician is wrong because it does not address the patient’s complaint of dizziness and lightheadedness, which are side effects of the medication. The nurse should monitor the patient’s blood pressure and heart rate before and after administering diltiazem, and report any abnormal findings to the physician.
B. Instruct patient to change positions slowly
This is because diltiazem (Cardizem) is a calcium channel blocker that lowers blood pressure and can cause orthostatic hypotension, which is a sudden drop in blood pressure when standing up from a sitting or lying position. This can lead to dizziness and lightheadedness, which can increase the risk of falls and injuries. Changing positions slowly can help prevent or reduce these symptoms by allowing the body to adjust to the change in blood pressure.
C. Notify physician immediately
Notify physician immediately is wrong because it is not necessary to notify the physician immediately for a common and mild side effect of diltiazem, unless the patient has other signs of severe hypotension, such as fainting, chest pain, or confusion. The nurse should educate the patient about the possible side effects of diltiazem and how to prevent or manage them.
D. Hold diltiazem and notify physician if symptoms persist.
Hold diltiazem and notify physician if symptoms persist is wrong because it is not appropriate to hold a prescribed medication without a valid reason or an order from the physician. Holding diltiazem could cause the patient’s blood pressure to rise and increase the risk of complications from atrial fibrillation, such as stroke or heart failure. The nurse should administer diltiazem as ordered and monitor the patient’s response.
E. Hold diltiazem and notify physician if symptoms persist.
Full Explanation
This is because diltiazem (Cardizem) is a calcium channel blocker that lowers blood pressure and can cause orthostatic hypotension, which is a sudden drop in blood pressure when standing up from a sitting or lying position. This can lead to dizziness and lightheadedness, which can increase the risk of falls and injuries. Changing positions slowly can help prevent or reduce these symptoms by allowing the body to adjust to the change in blood pressure.
Choice A) Administer diltiazem as ordered by physician is wrong because it does not address the patient’s complaint of dizziness and lightheadedness, which are side effects of the medication.
The nurse should monitor the patient’s blood pressure and heart rate before and after administering diltiazem, and report any abnormal findings to the physician.
Choice C) Notify physician immediately is wrong because it is not necessary to notify the physician immediately for a common and mild side effect of diltiazem, unless the patient has other signs of severe hypotension, such as fainting, chest pain, or confusion.
The nurse should educate the patient about the possible side effects of diltiazem and how to prevent or manage them.
Choice D) Hold diltiazem and notify physician if symptoms persist is wrong because it is not appropriate to hold a prescribed medication without a valid reason or an order from the physician.
Holding diltiazem could cause the patient’s blood pressure to rise and increase the risk of complications from atrial fibrillation, such as stroke or heart failure.
The nurse should administer diltiazem as ordered and monitor the patient’s response.