Nursing practice questions with comprehensive rationales
NurseDive Free Nursing Practice Question
Which of the following occurs during an adaptive immune response?
A. Phagocytosis
Phagocytosis: phagocytosis is mainly an innate immune function (macrophages, neutrophils) though phagocytes can interact with adaptive immunity.
B. Production of antibodies
Production of antibodies: antibody production by plasma cells (B-cell derived) is a hallmark of the adaptive immune response.
C. Production of interferon
Production of interferon: interferons are part of innate antiviral defenses and are produced early by infected cells and immune cells.
D. Production of defensins
Production of defensins: defensins are innate antimicrobial peptides produced by epithelial cells and neutrophils, not a specific adaptive response.
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Full Explanation
A. Phagocytosis: phagocytosis is mainly an innate immune function (macrophages, neutrophils) though phagocytes can interact with adaptive immunity.
B. Production of antibodies: antibody production by plasma cells (B-cell derived) is a hallmark of the adaptive immune response.
C. Production of interferon: interferons are part of innate antiviral defenses and are produced early by infected cells and immune cells.
D. Production of defensins: defensins are innate antimicrobial peptides produced by epithelial cells and neutrophils, not a specific adaptive response.
Similar Questions
Which of the following drains lymph from the majority of the body and enters into the left subclavian vein?
A. right lymphatic duct
Right lymphatic duct: the right lymphatic duct drains only the right upper quadrant (right head/neck, right arm, right thorax), not the majority of the body.
B. jugular trunk
Jugular trunk: the jugular trunk drains head/neck regions; it does not itself drain the majority of the body.
C. subclavian trunk
Subclavian trunk: the subclavian trunk drains upper limbs; it is a trunk, not the single duct that collects most lymph from the body.
D. thoracic duct
Thoracic duct: the thoracic duct collects lymph from the lower body, abdomen, left thorax, left head/neck, and left arm (the majority of the body) and empties into the left subclavian vein.
Full Explanation
A. Right lymphatic duct: the right lymphatic duct drains only the right upper quadrant (right head/neck, right arm, right thorax), not the majority of the body.
B. Jugular trunk: the jugular trunk drains head/neck regions; it does not itself drain the majority of the body.
C. Subclavian trunk: the subclavian trunk drains upper limbs; it is a trunk, not the single duct that collects most lymph from the body.
D. Thoracic duct: the thoracic duct collects lymph from the lower body, abdomen, left thorax, left head/neck, and left arm (the majority of the body) and empties into the left subclavian vein.
What is the function of plasma cells?
A. To produce antibody molecules.
To produce antibody molecules: plasma cells are differentiated B cells specialized for synthesizing and secreting antibodies.
B. To directly attack cells displaying antigens.
To directly attack cells displaying antigens: cytotoxic T lymphocytes (and NK cells) directly attack antigen-bearing cells; plasma cells primarily secrete antibodies.
C. To increase the volume of the blood plasma.
To increase the volume of the blood plasma: plasma cell activity does not change plasma volume; they produce proteins (antibodies), not fluid volume.
D. To produce interferon.
To produce interferon: many cell types secrete interferons in response to viral infection (e.g., infected cells, immune cells), but plasma cells are dedicated antibody producers.
Full Explanation
A. To produce antibody molecules: plasma cells are differentiated B cells specialized for synthesizing and secreting antibodies.
B. To directly attack cells displaying antigens: cytotoxic T lymphocytes (and NK cells) directly attack antigen-bearing cells; plasma cells primarily secrete antibodies.
C. To increase the volume of the blood plasma: plasma cell activity does not change plasma volume; they produce proteins (antibodies), not fluid volume.
D. To produce interferon: many cell types secrete interferons in response to viral infection (e.g., infected cells, immune cells), but plasma cells are dedicated antibody producers.
Name the innate defense that involves vasodilation and increased vascular permeability, resulting in the influx of blood, blood cells, and fluid to an area of injury or infection.
A. Inflammation
Inflammation: inflammation causes vasodilation and increased capillary permeability so immune cells and plasma components reach the injured/infected tissue.
B. Activation of NK cells
Activation of NK cells: NK cell activation is an innate cytotoxic response against infected or malignant cells but does not itself describe the vascular changes listed.
C. Complement activation
Complement activation: complement promotes opsonization, chemotaxis, and membrane attack, but the described vasodilation/permeability hallmark is inflammation.
D. Activation of mononuclear phagocytic system
Activation of mononuclear phagocytic system: activation of macrophages/monocytes contributes to defense and cleanup, but the vascular response described is specifically the inflammatory process.
Full Explanation
A. Inflammation: inflammation causes vasodilation and increased capillary permeability so immune cells and plasma components reach the injured/infected tissue.
B. Activation of NK cells: NK cell activation is an innate cytotoxic response against infected or malignant cells but does not itself describe the vascular changes listed.
C. Complement activation: complement promotes opsonization, chemotaxis, and membrane attack, but the described vasodilation/permeability hallmark is inflammation.
D. Activation of mononuclear phagocytic system: activation of macrophages/monocytes contributes to defense and cleanup, but the vascular response described is specifically the inflammatory process.