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NurseDive Free Nursing Practice Question
A transplant recipient is more likely to reject a transplanted organ if there is not a close match between what of the recipient and that of the donor?
A. major histocompatibility complex
major histocompatibility complex: MHC (human leukocyte antigen, HLA) matching is critical because disparities trigger strong T-cell–mediated rejection responses.
B. antibody response
antibody response: the recipient’s antibody response intensity matters clinically, but you don’t “match” antibody responses between donor and recipient; rather you try to match MHC and blood type.
C. blood type
blood type: blood type mismatches can cause hyperacute rejection and are important to consider, but MHC/HLA matching is the key determinant of long-term rejection risk.
D. sex and age
sex and age: sex and age are not major determinants of graft compatibility; they are not the primary matching criteria used to reduce rejection risk.
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Full Explanation
A. major histocompatibility complex: MHC (human leukocyte antigen, HLA) matching is critical because disparities trigger strong T-cell–mediated rejection responses.
B. antibody response: the recipient’s antibody response intensity matters clinically, but you don’t “match” antibody responses between donor and recipient; rather you try to match MHC and blood type.
C. blood type: blood type mismatches can cause hyperacute rejection and are important to consider, but MHC/HLA matching is the key determinant of long-term rejection risk.
D. sex and age: sex and age are not major determinants of graft compatibility; they are not the primary matching criteria used to reduce rejection risk.
Similar Questions
Jamal receives a blood transfusion of the wrong blood type. Antibodies in Jamal's plasma will bind to antigens on the donor red blood cells and cause clumping of the cells. This reaction is called
A. precipitation
Precipitation: precipitation refers to antigen–antibody complexes forming an insoluble precipitate from soluble antigens, not clumping of whole cells.
B. agglutination
Agglutination: agglutination is the clumping of cells (like RBCs) when antibodies bind surface antigens, which is what happens in an incompatible transfusion.
C. chemotaxis
Chemotaxis: chemotaxis is directed movement of leukocytes toward chemical signals, not antibody-mediated clumping.
D. opsonization
Opsonization: opsonization is coating a pathogen or cell with molecules (e.g., antibodies, complement) to enhance phagocytosis, not the visible clumping seen in agglutination.
Full Explanation
A. Precipitation: precipitation refers to antigen–antibody complexes forming an insoluble precipitate from soluble antigens, not clumping of whole cells.
B. Agglutination: agglutination is the clumping of cells (like RBCs) when antibodies bind surface antigens, which is what happens in an incompatible transfusion.
C. Chemotaxis: chemotaxis is directed movement of leukocytes toward chemical signals, not antibody-mediated clumping.
D. Opsonization: opsonization is coating a pathogen or cell with molecules (e.g., antibodies, complement) to enhance phagocytosis, not the visible clumping seen in agglutination.
Mucus, tears, saliva, and hair are all examples of what type of defense against potential pathogens?
A. Mononuclear phagocytic system
Mononuclear phagocytic system: that system (macrophages/monocytes) performs cellular phagocytosis, not the physical barriers listed.
B. Chemical barriers
Chemical barriers: some secretions (tears, saliva) contain chemical antimicrobials, but the items listed (mucus, hair) are primarily physical/mechanical barriers.
C. Adaptive defenses
Adaptive defenses: adaptive defenses are specific immune responses (antibodies, T cells), not the nonspecific physical barriers listed.
D. Mechanical barriers
Mechanical barriers: mucus, hair, and the physical flow of tears/saliva act as mechanical/physical barriers that trap or remove pathogens before they invade.
Full Explanation
A. Mononuclear phagocytic system: that system (macrophages/monocytes) performs cellular phagocytosis, not the physical barriers listed.
B. Chemical barriers: some secretions (tears, saliva) contain chemical antimicrobials, but the items listed (mucus, hair) are primarily physical/mechanical barriers.
C. Adaptive defenses: adaptive defenses are specific immune responses (antibodies, T cells), not the nonspecific physical barriers listed.
D. Mechanical barriers: mucus, hair, and the physical flow of tears/saliva act as mechanical/physical barriers that trap or remove pathogens before they invade.
What is the relationship between antigens and antibodies?
A. The presence of antibodies triggers the production of antigens.
The presence of antibodies triggers the production of antigens: antibodies are produced in response to antigens, not the other way around.
B. Antibodies can be foreign cells, proteins, or other large molecules. Antigens are large proteins made by B cells.
Antibodies can be foreign cells, proteins, or other large molecules. Antigens are large proteins made by B cells: this reverses definitions: antigens are foreign molecules/cells that stimulate immune response; antibodies are proteins produced (by B cells) that bind antigens.
C. Antigens function to destroy or neutralize antibodies.
Antigens function to destroy or neutralize antibodies: antigens elicit antibody production; they do not act to destroy antibodies.
D. The presence of an antigen triggers the production of antibodies.
The presence of an antigen triggers the production of antibodies: antigens (foreign proteins, polysaccharides, cells) stimulate B cells to differentiate into plasma cells that produce specific antibodies.
Full Explanation
A. The presence of antibodies triggers the production of antigens: antibodies are produced in response to antigens, not the other way around.
B. Antibodies can be foreign cells, proteins, or other large molecules. Antigens are large proteins made by B cells: this reverses definitions: antigens are foreign molecules/cells that stimulate immune response; antibodies are proteins produced (by B cells) that bind antigens.
C. Antigens function to destroy or neutralize antibodies: antigens elicit antibody production; they do not act to destroy antibodies.
D. The presence of an antigen triggers the production of antibodies: antigens (foreign proteins, polysaccharides, cells) stimulate B cells to differentiate into plasma cells that produce specific antibodies.