Nursing practice questions with comprehensive rationales
NurseDive Free Nursing Practice Question
What is the target of cytotoxic T cells?
A. Antigens in solution
Antigens in solution: cytotoxic T cells (CD8⁺) recognize antigen presented on MHC I of cells, not free/soluble antigens in plasma.
B. Cancer cells and virally infected cells
Cancer cells and virally infected cells: cytotoxic T cells detect abnormal peptides on MHC I and kill virally infected or neoplastically transformed (cancer) host cells.
C. Antigen-presenting cells
Antigen-presenting cells: Partially misleading -professional APCs present antigen on MHC II to helper T cells; cytotoxic T cells usually target infected or abnormal host cells (though APCs can present antigen on MHC I and theoretically be targeted).
D. Helper T cells
Helper T cells: helper T cells (CD4⁺) are immune coordinators, not the usual targets of cytotoxic T cells.
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Full Explanation
A. Antigens in solution: cytotoxic T cells (CD8⁺) recognize antigen presented on MHC I of cells, not free/soluble antigens in plasma.
B. Cancer cells and virally infected cells: cytotoxic T cells detect abnormal peptides on MHC I and kill virally infected or neoplastically transformed (cancer) host cells.
C. Antigen-presenting cells: Partially misleading -professional APCs present antigen on MHC II to helper T cells; cytotoxic T cells usually target infected or abnormal host cells (though APCs can present antigen on MHC I and theoretically be targeted).
D. Helper T cells: helper T cells (CD4⁺) are immune coordinators, not the usual targets of cytotoxic T cells.
Similar Questions
Which layer of the digestive tract is composed of epithelial tissue and may contain folds and mucus-secreting glands?
A. Submucosa
Submucosa: submucosa is connective tissue containing blood/lymph vessels and glands, not the epithelial lining.
B. Muscularis
Muscularis: muscularis is smooth muscle (inner circular/outer longitudinal layers) responsible for peristalsis, not epithelial.
C. Mucosa
Mucosa: the mucosa includes the epithelial lining, lamina propria, and may contain folds and mucus-secreting glands (e.g., gastric mucosa).
D. Serosa
Serosa: serosa is the outermost connective tissue/mesothelial covering of the gut, not the epithelial absorptive/secreting layer.
Full Explanation
A. Submucosa: submucosa is connective tissue containing blood/lymph vessels and glands, not the epithelial lining.
B. Muscularis: muscularis is smooth muscle (inner circular/outer longitudinal layers) responsible for peristalsis, not epithelial.
C. Mucosa: the mucosa includes the epithelial lining, lamina propria, and may contain folds and mucus-secreting glands (e.g., gastric mucosa).
D. Serosa: serosa is the outermost connective tissue/mesothelial covering of the gut, not the epithelial absorptive/secreting layer.
What is true for all of the enzymes that digest protein?
A. They are secreted in an inactive form.
They are secreted in an inactive form: major proteases of the GI tract (pepsinogen, trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, etc.) are secreted as zymogens (inactive precursors) to prevent autodigestion.
B. They are activated by HCI.
They are activated by HCl: pepsinogen is activated by HCl, but pancreatic proteases are activated by trypsin, not HCl, so this is not true for all protein-digesting enzymes.
C. They are secreted by the pancreas.
They are secreted by the pancreas: many proteases (e.g., pepsin) are secreted by the stomach, so not all are pancreatic.
D. Their release is stimulated by enterokinase.
Their release is stimulated by enterokinase: enterokinase (enteropeptidase) activates trypsinogen to trypsin in the small intestine but does not stimulate the release of all proteases; it is an activator, not a universal release stimulus.
Full Explanation
A. They are secreted in an inactive form: major proteases of the GI tract (pepsinogen, trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, etc.) are secreted as zymogens (inactive precursors) to prevent autodigestion.
B. They are activated by HCl: pepsinogen is activated by HCl, but pancreatic proteases are activated by trypsin, not HCl, so this is not true for all protein-digesting enzymes.
C. They are secreted by the pancreas: many proteases (e.g., pepsin) are secreted by the stomach, so not all are pancreatic.
D. Their release is stimulated by enterokinase: enterokinase (enteropeptidase) activates trypsinogen to trypsin in the small intestine but does not stimulate the release of all proteases; it is an activator, not a universal release stimulus.
What is the function of the gallbladder?
A. To make digestive enzymes
To make digestive enzymes: the gallbladder stores bile; it does not synthesize digestive enzymes (that’s mainly the pancreas and some glands).
B. To break down food into smaller molecules
To break down food into smaller molecules: mechanical/chemical digestion is done by enzymes and acids; the gallbladder’s role is storage/release of bile, not direct digestion.
C. To produce bile
To produce bile: the liver produces bile; the gallbladder stores and concentrates it.
D. To store bile between meals
To store bile between meals: the gallbladder concentrates and stores bile and releases it into the duodenum when needed for fat digestion.
Full Explanation
A. To make digestive enzymes: the gallbladder stores bile; it does not synthesize digestive enzymes (that’s mainly the pancreas and some glands).
B. To break down food into smaller molecules: mechanical/chemical digestion is done by enzymes and acids; the gallbladder’s role is storage/release of bile, not direct digestion.
C. To produce bile: the liver produces bile; the gallbladder stores and concentrates it.
D. To store bile between meals: the gallbladder concentrates and stores bile and releases it into the duodenum when needed for fat digestion.