Nursing practice questions with comprehensive rationales
NurseDive Free Nursing Practice Question
Carbon dioxide is transported through the blood by 3 mechanisms. What are those 3 mechanisms? (Select all that apply)
A. Converted to carbon monoxide
Converted to carbon monoxide: CO (carbon monoxide) is a different gas and is not a product or transport form of CO₂.
B. Bind to myoglobin
Bind to myoglobin: Myoglobin primarily binds O₂ within muscle cells; CO₂ transport by myoglobin is not a main mechanism.
C. Binds to hemoglobin
Binds to hemoglobin: CO₂ can bind to hemoglobin (forming carbaminohemoglobin) as one transport form.
D. Converted to bicarbonate ions
Converted to bicarbonate ions: Most CO₂ is converted to bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) in red blood cells and transported in plasma.
E. Dissolved in plasma
Dissolved in plasma: A small proportion of CO₂ is carried dissolved directly in plasma.
This question is an excerpt from Nurse Dive's nursing test bank - HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II PROCTORED EXAM (ARIZONA COLLEGE). Take the full exam now
Full Explanation
A. Converted to carbon monoxide: CO (carbon monoxide) is a different gas and is not a product or transport form of CO₂.
B. Bind to myoglobin: Myoglobin primarily binds O₂ within muscle cells; CO₂ transport by myoglobin is not a main mechanism.
C. Binds to hemoglobin: CO₂ can bind to hemoglobin (forming carbaminohemoglobin) as one transport form.
D. Converted to bicarbonate ions: Most CO₂ is converted to bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) in red blood cells and transported in plasma.
E. Dissolved in plasma: A small proportion of CO₂ is carried dissolved directly in plasma.
Similar Questions
What is the maximum volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after maximum inspiration?
A. Expiratory reserve volume
Expiratory reserve volume: Expiratory reserve volume is the additional air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal exhalation, not the maximum after a maximal inhalation.
B. Inspiratory capacity
Inspiratory capacity: Inspiratory capacity is the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal exhalation (tidal volume + inspiratory reserve), not the total that can be expelled after maximum inspiration.
C. Vital capacity
Vital capacity: Vital capacity is the maximum volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after a maximum inspiration (inspiratory reserve + tidal + expiratory reserve) .
D. Tidal volume
Tidal volume: Tidal volume is the volume of a normal, resting breath and is far less than the maximum expelled volume.
Full Explanation
A. Expiratory reserve volume: Expiratory reserve volume is the additional air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal exhalation, not the maximum after a maximal inhalation.
B. Inspiratory capacity: Inspiratory capacity is the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal exhalation (tidal volume + inspiratory reserve), not the total that can be expelled after maximum inspiration.
C. Vital capacity: Vital capacity is the maximum volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after a maximum inspiration (inspiratory reserve + tidal + expiratory reserve) .
D. Tidal volume: Tidal volume is the volume of a normal, resting breath and is far less than the maximum expelled volume.
Which of the following are functions of estrogen? (Select all that apply)
A. Protects against heart disease
Protects against heart disease: Estrogen has several effects on the cardiovascular system (improving lipid profile and vascular function) that are thought to reduce cardiovascular risk prior to menopause.
B. Helps regulate the menstrual cycle
Helps regulate the menstrual cycle: Estrogen is a key ovarian hormone that helps regulate the growth of the endometrium and the timing of the menstrual cycle .
C. Promotes bone growth
Promotes bone growth: Estrogen is essential for bone homeostasis, inhibiting bone resorption and helping maintain bone density .
D. Increases testosterone production
Increases testosterone production: Estrogen does not increase testosterone production; testosterone is produced by Leydig cells in males (and ovaries/adrenals in females) and is not a primary product increased by estrogen .
Full Explanation
A. Protects against heart disease: Estrogen has several effects on the cardiovascular system (improving lipid profile and vascular function) that are thought to reduce cardiovascular risk prior to menopause.
B. Helps regulate the menstrual cycle: Estrogen is a key ovarian hormone that helps regulate the growth of the endometrium and the timing of the menstrual cycle .
C. Promotes bone growth: Estrogen is essential for bone homeostasis, inhibiting bone resorption and helping maintain bone density .
D. Increases testosterone production: Estrogen does not increase testosterone production; testosterone is produced by Leydig cells in males (and ovaries/adrenals in females) and is not a primary product increased by estrogen .
Which of the following sequences correctly represents the layers of the alimentary canal from the most visceral (deep) to the most superficial (surface)?
A. Muscularis externa, submucosa, mucosa, serosa
Muscularis externa, submucosa, mucosa, serosa: This is out of order -muscularis externa is deeper than serosa but more superficial than the mucosa, so this ordering is incorrect.
B. Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa: The mucosa (deepest layer lining the lumen) → submucosa → muscularis externa → serosa (outermost) is the correct sequence from deep to superficial .
C. Serosa, muscularis externa, submucosa, mucosa
Serosa, muscularis externa, submucosa, mucosa: This lists the layers from superficial to deep (reverse of what the question asked), so incorrect for deep to superficial.
D. Submucosa, mucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
Submucosa, mucosa, muscularis externa, serosa: This places submucosa deeper than mucosa (wrong); incorrect order.
Full Explanation
A. Muscularis externa, submucosa, mucosa, serosa: This is out of order -muscularis externa is deeper than serosa but more superficial than the mucosa, so this ordering is incorrect.
B. Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa: The mucosa (deepest layer lining the lumen) → submucosa → muscularis externa → serosa (outermost) is the correct sequence from deep to superficial .
C. Serosa, muscularis externa, submucosa, mucosa: This lists the layers from superficial to deep (reverse of what the question asked), so incorrect for deep to superficial.
D. Submucosa, mucosa, muscularis externa, serosa: This places submucosa deeper than mucosa (wrong); incorrect order.